Epicormic Shoot Induction on Severed Branches of Selected Native Forest Tree Species with the Potential for Urban Landscaping in the Philippines
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12899/asr-2711Abstract
Vegetative propagation can help increase the popularity of native forest tree species (NFTs) in urban landscapes, as it can produce trees with the desired traits (e.g. flowers) faster than the traditional approach. However, rooting success declines with increasing juvenility of cuttings due to maturation. Hence, a low-cost rejuvenation strategy using severed branches of varying diameter sizes (very small, small, medium, and large) was tested for Pterocarpus indicus Willd. and Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe. After 2 weeks, variations in 80% of shoot parameters were highly significant, which increased to 100% after 3 to 4 weeks. Similar observations were recorded for D. philippinensis initially after 7 weeks (70%), but a sharp decline by 30% and 20% was detected after 9 and 11 weeks, respectively. Positive strong, and significant correlations on both species reveal a positive correlative control among shoot traits. However, similar relationships between branch diameter and shoot traits were observed only for P. indicus but not in D. philippinensis, indicating that while the size of the branches influences the quantity and quality of shoots produced, carbohydrate reserves may vary from species to species. The result of the study could help promote the use of NFTs in the urban landscape by increasing the rooting success through the production of more rejuvenated shoots.
References
Aguilon D.J., Ata J.P., Combalicer M. 2019 - Flowering and fruiting patterns, seed characteristics and germination of indigenous forest trees in Mount Makiling Forest Reserve, Philippines: implications to sustainable germplasm conservation. In: Proceedings XXV IUFRO World Congress, Curitiba, Brazil. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.23548.36483
Ahuja M., Libby W.J. 1993 - Clonal forestry I: Genetics and biotechnology. Springer-Verlag.
Ansari S.S., Diño P.H., Castillo A.L., Santiago L.A. 2021 - Antioxidant activity, xanthine oxidase inhibition and acute oral toxicity of Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe (Dilleniaceae) leaf extract. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research 9 (6): 846 – 858.
Ashwath M.N., Santhoshkumar A.V., Kunhamu T.K., Hrideek T.K., Shiran K. 2023 – Epicormic shoot induction and rooting of Tectona grandis from branch cuttings: Influence of growing condition and hormone application. Indian Journal of Ecology 50(1): 38-46.
Barbaroux C., Breda N., Duferene E. 2003 - Distribution of above-ground and below-ground carbohydrate reserves in adult trees of two contrasting broad-leaved species (Quercus petraea and Fagus sylvatica). New Phytologist 157(3): 605 – 615.
Baurens F., Nicolleau J., Legavre T., Verdeil J., Monteuuis O. 2004 - Genomic DNA methylation of juvenile and mature Acacia mangium micropropagated in vitro with reference to leaf morphology as a phase change marker. Tree Physiology 24: 401-407.
Bosshard E., Jalonen R., Kanchanarak T., Yuskianti V., Tolentino E.L.Jr., Warrier R.R., Krishnan S., Dzulkifli D., Thomas E., Atkinson R., Kettle C.J. 2021 - Are tree seed systems for forest landscape restoration fit for purpose? An analysis of four Asian countries. Diversity 13(11): https://doi.org/10.3390/d13110575
Byrne M. 1996 - Rooting method for vegetative plant propagation of hard-to-root plants. United States Patent number 5584140.
Cadiz R., Landicho M., Aparente M. 2010 - ERDB research, development and extension strategies for the production of high-quality planting materials. Annals of Tropical Research 32(2): 111-121.
Cadiz R.T., Cadiz N.M., Nuevo C.C. 2014 - Training manual on clonal nursery establishment and operation for the production of quality planting materials in support of the National Greening Program. Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Laguna, Philippines.
Davis M.A., Chew M.K., Hobbs R.J., Lugo A.E., Ewel J.J., Vermeij G.J., Brown J.H., Rosenzweig M.L., Gardener M.R., Carroll S.P., Thompson K., Pickett S.T.A., Stromberg J.C., Tredici P.D., Suding K.N., Ehrenfeld J.G., Grime J.P., Mascaro J., Briggs J.C. 2011 - Don’t judge species on their origins. Nature 474: 153-154. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/474153a
Domagalska M.A., Leyser O. 2011 - Signal integration in the control of shoot branching. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 12: 211 – 221.
ERDB 2012 - Country report on forest genetics. Ecosystems and Development Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources. College, Laguna. 162 p.
ERDB 2017 - A special issue on quality planting materials for the national greening program. Canopy International, Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau, Department of Environmental and Natural Resources, Vol. 43, No. 2.
Furze M.E., Huggett B.A., Aubrecht D.M., Stolz C.D., Carbone M.S., Richardson A.D. 2018 - Whole-tree nonstructural carbohydrate storage and seasonal dynamics in five temperate species. New Phytologist 221(3): 1466 – 1477.
Gao J., Zhuang S., Zhang W. 2024 - Advances in plant auxin biology: Synthesis, metabolism, signaling, interaction with other hormones, and roles under biotic stress. Plants 13(17): 2523; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172523
Hartmann H., Kester D., Davies F., Geneve R. 2010 - Plant propagation: principles and practices, 8th ed, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Irish E.E., McMurray D.D. 2006 - Rejuvenation by shoot apex culture recapitulates the developmental increase of methylation at the maize gene P1-Blotched. Plant Molecular Biology 60(5): 747-758.
Jacobs M.R. 2013 - The use of exotic forest trees. Australian Forestry 28(3): 150-156.
Johnson R.S., Lakso A.N. 1985 - Relationships between Stem Length, Leaf Area, Stem Weight, and Accumulated Growing Degree-days in Apple Shoots. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 110(4): 586-590.
Joker D. 2000 - Pterocarpus indicus Willd., Seed Leaflet, Danida Forest Seed Centre. Retrieved from https:// sl.ku.dk/rapporter/seed-leaflets/filer/pterocarpusindicus-37.pdf
Jumonong K.M.J., Barliso A.C., Lempio M.C. 2021 - Floristic inventory and distribution of trees along urban national streets and roads in Cebu City, Philippines. Siliman Journal 62(1):49-78.
Kratz D., Wendling I., Stuepp C.A., Filho A.N.K. 2016 - Epicormic shoots induction and rooting cuttings of Calophyllum brasiliense. Cerne 22(4) 365 – 372.
Leakey R.R.B. 2004 - Plant cloning: Macropropagation. In N. van Alfen (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems 4: 349-359.
Liu Y., Chen S., Pal S., Yu J., Zhou Y., Tran L.P., Xia X. 2024 - The hormonal, metabolic, and environmental regulation of plant shoot branching. New Crops 1: 100028.
Mason M.G., Ross J.J., Babst B.A., Weinclaw B.N., Beveridge C.A. 2014 - Sugar demand, not auxin, is the initial regulator of apical dominance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 111(16): 6092 – 6097.
Morgenroth J. 2008 - A review of root barrier research. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34(2): 84-88.
Murakami A., Palijon A.M. 2009 - Study on the Urbanization and the Changes of Green Space Covered by Trees in the Urban Fringe Area of Metro Manila, the Philippines. Journal of the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 72: 693-696.
Nascimento B., Sa A.C.S., De Lemos L.B., Rosa D.P., Pereira M. D. O., Navroski M.C. 2018 - Three epicormic shoot techniques in I. paraguariensis mother trees and its cutting according to the material rejuvenation degree. Cerne 24(3): 240-248.
Nowak D.J., Greenfield E.J. 2020 - The increase of impervious cover and decrease of tree cover within urban areas globally. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 49:1-7.
Orwa C., Mutua A., Kindt R., Jamnadass R., Anthony S. 2009 - Agroforestry Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. Retrieved in December 2020 from http://www.worldagroforestry. org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp
Pansit N. 2015 - Carbon storage and sequestration potential of urban trees in Cebu City, Philippines. Mindanao Journal of Science and Technology 17: 98-111.
Pijut P.M., Woeste K., Michler C.H. 2011 - Promotion of adventitious root formation of difficult-to-root hardwood tree species. In Eds. J. Janick, Horticultural Reviews, Volume 38, Wiley-Blackwell.
Piñon A.A., Reyes T.D.Jr., Carandang W.M., Carandang V.Q. 2021 - Rooting induction of a mature Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Using stem cuttings derived from stump epicormic shoots. Philippine Journal of Science 150(5): 1089-1098.
Piñon A.A., Tolentino E.L.Jr., Reyes T.D.Jr. 2022 - Influence of leaf number, rooting trait, and cutting size in vegetative propagation of Aquilaria cumingiana [Decne] Ridl. Philippine Journal of Science 151(1): 487-495.
Piñon A.A., Carandang W.M., De Luna M.J.O. 2023 - Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and leaf trimming regulate the adventitious root formation of stem cuttings derived from mature Aquilaria cumingiana (Dene) Ridl. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 35(2): 189-202.
Pollisco M. 2006 - Developments in dipterocarp propagation research in the Philippines. In: Suzuki, K., Ishii, K., Sakurai, S., Sasaki S. (eds) Plantation Technology in Tropical Forest Science. Springer, Tokyo.
Pulhin J.M., Cokkalingam U., Peras R.J.J., Acosta R.T., Carandang A.P., Natividad M.Q., Lasco R.D., Razal R.A. 2006 - Chapter II – Historical Overview. In: Chokkalingam U, Carandang AP, Pulhin JM, Lasco RD, Peras RJJ, Toma T (eds ). One Century of Forest Rehabilitation in the Philippines: Approaches, Outcomes and Lessons.. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jakarta, Indonesia: 6–41.
Quisumbing E. 1978 - Medicinal Plants of the Philippines. Bureau of Printing, Manila. 613 p.
R Core Team 2023 - R. A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
Stuepp C.A., Zuffellato-Ribas K.C., Wendling I., Koehler H.S., Bona C. 2014 - Vegetative propagation of mature dragon trees through epicormic shoots. Bosque 35(3): 337-345.
Talbert C.B., Ritchie G.A., Gupta P. 1993 - Conifer vegetative propagation: An overview from a commercialization perspective. In Clonal Forestry I: Genetics and Biotechnology, edited by M.R. Ahuja and W.J. Libby, Springer-Verlag.
Tutor J.A.A., Palijon A. M., Visco R.G., Castillio A.S.A., Militante E.P. 2017 - Floristic composition, diversity of public green spaces in major urban cities in Western Visayas, Philippines. WVSU Research Journal 6(2): 23-38.
Valle P.B. 2018 - Comparison of species composition, species diversity, and structural distribution of urban trees in three types of urban greenspaces. Ecosystems and Development Journal 8(2): 28-40.
Walker C.H., Bennett T. 2018 - Forbidden fruit: dominance relationships and the control of shoot architecture. Annual Plant Reviews, ISSN 1460-1494.
Wendling I., Trueman S.J., Xavier A. 2014 - Maturation and related aspects in clonal forestry – Part I: Concepts, regulation and consequences of phase change. New Forests 45(4). DOI 10.1007/s11056-014-9421-0.
Wendling I., Warburton P.M., Trueman S.J. 2015 - Maturation I Corymbia torelliana x C. citriodora stock plants: effects of pruning height on shoot production, adventitious rooting capacity, stem anatomy, and auxin and abscisic acid concentrations. Forests 6(1): 3763-3778.
Wu H.X. 2017 - Benefits and risks of using clones in forestry – a review. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 34(5): 352-259.
Yagi T. 2011 - Relationships between shoot size and branching patterns in 10 broad-leaved tall tree species in a Japanese cool-temperate forest. Canadian Journal of Botany 84 (12): 1894-1907.
Zobel L. B., Talbert J.T. 2003 - Applied forest tree improvement. John Wiley & Sons. 505.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Albert A. Piñon, Enrique L. Tolentino Jr., Roberto G. Visco, Nappy L. Navarra
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
